Scientists in the high Arctic are lifting their labs into the air to avoid damage from melting permafrost.
Ny-Ålesund in Norway's Arctic is the world's most northerly settlement. A team of scientists surrounded by glaciers, polars bears, walruses and arctic foxes call this hostile environment home while they're researching the Arctic's ice, ecosystems and atmosphere.
"The polar night is always the hardest," explains Marion Maturilli, a scientist studying Arctic climate dynamics with the French and German Polar Institutes, who is based at the station.
For more than 50 years, Ny-Ålesund has housed an international community at the top of the world just 1,200km (745 miles) from the North Pole. Remnants of scientific equipment from the mission which mapped the lines of longitude which define our time zones, still stand at Ny-Ålesund. More recently, Nasa used the base for its satellite lasers and measurements of the Earth's electrical field. Now, scientists from 10 countries live there to conduct their research. For almost three months at a time, they wake and go to sleep in darkness. Their experiments stretch from space to the mysteries of phytoplankton, microplastic pollution, walrus behaviour and alterations in Arctic cyclones.
Maturilli's team records long-term series of temperature and solar radiation measurements at Ny-Ålesund. Everyday for 30 years, the team at the German station used a weather balloon to raise a radiosonde – a small instrument which measures atmospheric conditions – which has to be carefully operated to prevent icing up in the clouds. The results are used to make accurate up-to-date weather forecasts but also document the long-term changes of temperature in the upper air of the region. These measurements depend on having precise an
It's incredibly sad. Over 15 years, I've seen it change too much – Iain Rudkin
But to limit the impact of the settlement, only around 30 people are permitted live at the research station year-round.
"We do everything we can from planning to execution to change the Arctic as little as possible but this research is vital", explains Iain Rudkin, the Arctic Operations Manager for the British Antarctic Survey.
Efforts to mitigate their own environmental impacts are a high priority according to Geir Gotaas, leader of the Norwegian Polar Institute at the base.
Scientists are careful to collaborate to avoid any duplicated research. The teams on the base share data and boat rides to collect Arctic specimens and are planning to transition to electric snowmobiles – although there are challenges. "In the field researchers typically cover long distances and bring a lot of heavy equipment, and EV snowmobiles aren't up to the task – yet," says Gotaas.
Marion Maturilli is a scientist studying Arctic climate dynamics with the French and German Polar Institutes (Credit: Esther Horvath)
"Worsened battery performance in cold conditions and any projects which involve sea or diving activities are very difficult because the logistics use up many resources," she adds. "We co-ordinate within the international community of climate researchers, each doing a puzzle piece to make sure we optimise activities so there's benefits for all".
The site has enabled long-term research in the high Arctic and unique collaboration between countries and disciplines. The scientists share equipment – everything from meteorologic balloons to second hand winter clothing.
The Korean Polar Institute's team is one such example of cross-country collaboration. The team used results from a project carried out by a German-Nordic partnership. The work led to the Korean team publishing a paper about how Arctic ecosystems operate during the dark.
Yoo Kyung Lee from the Korean Polar Institute says she also minimises her carbon footprint at the station by freeze-drying her plant samples to transport back to South Korea for further energy-intensive experiments. The frozen samples show the multi-generational changes in Svalbard's plant life. From the base, she monitors changes in the plants – creating DNA markers to distinguish populations and later sequences their genomes so she can study their adaptations to the changing climate.
collecting cores to preserve these rich records before they disappear. The cores are sampled as twins, one being used for research and the other sent for preservation meaning that future generations of scientists can access high-quality cores to study the environmental conditions of our planet long after glaciers may have disappeared due to global warming.
Claudia Colesie from the University of Edinburgh sampling lichen under the Arctic summer sun (Credit: Iain Rudkin)
At the busiest times for conducting research in the summer when the sun never sets, the population still remains less than 200, with food and waste strictly managed. The researchers eat the same meals as each otherin only one room to limit the container ship deliveries and the waste generated is sorted in 10 to 15 fractions is the term for waste categories such as food, cardboard, glass – and shipped to the Norwegian mainland for recycling
The majority of the produce comes from Norwegian wholesale suppliers and is imported from the mainland as there is no agricultural produce in Svalbard. Gotaas says they try to keep food waste at a minimum.
"The most important step is quite simple; only prepare the amount of food needed to feed the number of people in Ny-Ålesund at any given time," he explains.
Leftovers are typically served as part of lunch the following day and whatever is left of food waste is shipped to the Norwegian mainland for composting and regular waste handling.
While undertaking their projects, scientists regularly receive spot check visits when their power usage is scrutinised – with use of electronic devices limited to conserve electricity. The power station which provides electricity and hot water still runs on diesel, although heat exchangers have been installed to extract as much heat and energy as possible from the power generator exhausts. Smaller measures are also implemented, such as installing more efficient ventilation systems in the labs, switching from regular light bulbs to LED lights, having motion sensors to switch off lights automatically, and lowering of the temperature in rooms that are not being used.
The polar night is the hardest – Marion Maturilli
Research instruments themselves are meticulously tracked across this remote landscape – each registered in a Geographic Information System (GIS) layer – or collection of geographic data – with every project's tools The general rule is that all projects should have a start and end date so that instruments no longer active are quickly collected, explains Gotaas. Because of the need to provide environmental data of the highest quality possible, Geir says it is in "everyone's interest to keep the local carbon footprint at a minimum to avoid any disturbance to the sensitive measurements".
The stations themselves are as vulnerable as the ecosystem. The buildings, which function as both living quarters and laboratories were built as early as 1910, though to the 1960s.
Improving insulation is a step typically taken when renovating the old buildings. But since many of the oldest buildings in Ny-Ålesund are protected as cultural heritage, there are limits to what changes can be made. So, the scientists focus on improving efficiency and have installed the heat exchangers for this purpose.
But due to the melting permafrost, the stations are shifting and tilting with doors no longer fitting their frames, and pools of water are rotting their wooden foundations. To tackle this problem, the teams devised an engineering method to move the stations using car jacks to raise and then lower the buildings on new steel girded frames. In some cases engineers must drill 50m (164ft) deep into the bedrock and reinforce concrete pillars which have replaced the original wooden supports.
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When the station was first built, the permafrost was so stable that this wasn't necessary, but with the changes from global warming over the last decades causing thawing permafrost several of the old buildings have extensive damages as the structural integrity has been compromised. Geir says that inserting steel pillars into the bedrock will "prevent damages from occurring, and reduce the need for expensive maintenance and reparations".
Two or three people can pull the entire building off its foundations, simply cut its electricity for half an hour and then reconnect it with none of the ongoing lab research compromised. With the Italian station already moved, the UK station is next in line in spring.
Svalbard is the and even within the Arctic. Leaving as little trace as possible is a challenge for the whole Ny-Ålesund community. Now, not only the results but the research itself is as it becomes more seasonally dependent.
Until recently, scientists hoping to study the sea ice in the Arctic could research at the station but the presence of sea ice can no longer be guaranteed. "Normally now it is too warm and turbulent for the sea ice so we've had to turn down some projects otherwise the scientists could lose their funding," explains Rudkin.
The work that takes place on the research base informed the that the Arctic is likely to be nearly ice-free in the summer before 2050, with Arctic sea ice cover already at its . And if scientists cannot research this sea ice, Rudkin worries about what will be lost to science.
"It's incredibly sad. Over 15 years, I've seen it change too much. [The] mind-blowing scenery gets under your skin and you fall in love with it. But I have two small kids and the thought of what world I'm leaving behind for them is always on my mind," Rudkin says.
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